Ob, Arctic Minings Consultants, Case Study - 2421 Words

ARCTIC MINING CONSULTANTS Case Synopsis Arctic Mining Consultants is a mining company that deals with mineral exploration. In this case study, the project given is staking 15 claims in Eagle Lake, Alaska. The project Manager was Tom Parker, who has a wide experience and specialized knowledge in all nontechnical aspects of mineral exploration. He is a geological field technician and field coordinator for Arctic Mining Consultants. He assigned his previous field assistants John Talbot, Greg Boyce and Brian Millar to help him complete the project. The job required them to stake at least 7 lengths each day in order to be completed on time. However, the whole team has became very tense and agitated, especially Tom Parker, as the deadline was†¦show more content†¦A leader should not only responsible to make sure that any tasks given completed on time, but also to make sure the employees are satisfied and well-motivated. As in this case, obviously that Parker was not good as a leader. Even he has specialized knowledge an d wide experience in the field, he failed to manage his team well. Physically Parker was a good worker as he can develop a good plan and perform better than the others even he was the eldest among them. However, psychologically he failed to understand his employees ¶ problems and needs which then caused some conflicts between them. b) The Motivation - Motivation is the force that makes people does things: this is a result individual needs being satisfied (or met) so that people would have inspiration to complete the task. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves. Depending on how motivated peoples are, it may further determine the effort they put into their work and therefore increase the standard of the output. We identified that in the case, the only thing motivated the crew to continue the task was the $300 bonus. If not because of that, they won’t trouble their self with the long-hours heavy work. However, the other factors around them have made them be less motivated to work. The main factor was Parker. The way he behaved and treated his team makesShow MoreRelatedArtic Mining Consultant1595 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment – Case Study Report Assignment Overview The purpose of the case study report is to help you bridge theoretical and practical applications of organisational behaviour topics, while also helping you build important written communication and problem-solving skills. Analysing a case study allows you to simulate some of the complexities and ambiguities that are present in real organisational problems and consider practical and evidence-based solutions. You will analyse the events in a case study

Financial Ratio Analysis of two companies - 3083 Words

FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS Table of Contents3 Abstract4 Introduction4 Memorandum4 Profitability of Sample Company5 Sample Company ROI for 20005 Sample Company ROI for 20015 Stock Performance6 Activity of Sample Company7 Leverage of Sample Company7 Liquidity of Sample Company7 What Is Necessary to Assess the Company?8 What Ratios Have the Most Value?10 What Other Factors, Beyond Ratios, Need To Be Considered?10 How Would Your Assessment Criteria Change If The Company In a Different Industry12 Changes in Assessment Method12 Conclusion13 References14 Appendix A - Sample Companys Financial Statements from 1999 - 200115 Appendix B - Financial Ratio Analysis of Sample Company19 Abstract This research paper will evaluate†¦show more content†¦In the short term, this would be a good trend, but if it continues, it could be a sign that Sample Company is not keeping a big investment in assets, because not that as the denominator in this ROI calculation, a low asset figure can be used to help drive up the overall result. Meaning that if this trend continues, it may be an indication of increased operations rather than improvement in asset efficiency. Stock Performance The common stock value increased 54.8%, from $42/share to $65/share, between 2000 and 2001. This is an indicate that the market likes what it sees in the performance and the management of Sample Company. In addition, it paid 1.2% in dividends for the past two years. Another key indicator, the Price to Earnings Ratio, fell from 12.0 to 10.7. This is not enough to be alarming. In fact, some investors, myself included, feel that lower Price to Earnings Ratios are not necessarily a good thing. The reason being that if a company is struggling to pay out large earnings per share, to make the denominator in the P/E equation large enough to keep the P/E ratio low, then often such financial pressures can take the attention of the management away from the companys operations and other important issues, like surviving as a going concern in a tough business climate. Activity of Sample Company The activity ratios measure the companys management of asset levels and sales (Marshall, 2002). Between 2000 and 2001, Sample CompanyShow MoreRelatedFinancial Ratio Analysis in a Company859 Words   |  3 Pagesto Olowe (1997), Financial Ratio Analysis is the relationship between the performance of a company and the monetary data in the financial statements to assist the economic conditions. Financial ratio was defined by Robert (1994) as two financial variables being used that have been taken from either the income statement or from the balance sheet. 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Decision and Process of Playdough Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decision and Process of Playdough Company. Answer: Introduction: The decision by Playdough Company to make the canisters internally or to purchase them externally from the Canister Company is what is commonly referred to as make or buy decision in management accounting (Garrison, Noreen, Chesley, and Carrol, 2000, p.422). This decision can also be thought of as outsourcing. The decision is based on the identified relevant costs and benefits. This is often achieved by using relevant-costing approach and activity-based costing (ABC) system. Relevant Cost Approach. In order to make this decision, Playdough needs to take into consideration the relevant costs. According to Williams, Haka, and Bettner (2008, p.327), the value of the relevant costs is determined by the level of activity or the type of alternative activities being undertaken by the company. It is important that the company identifies the relevant costs and benefits for two reasons. Firstly, the process of acquiring, interpreting, and presenting information is often time-consuming and costly, by only paying attention to the relevant data; the accountant can simplify and reduce the time spent. Secondly, it has been established that people only effectively make use of limited information; compilation of large amounts of data reduces the level and quality of decision-making (Hilton and Platt, 2014, p.592). The most common relevant costs are sunk costs and differential cost. Sunk costs are those that have already been incurred by the company and cannot be changed by any current and/ or future actions of the company (Garrison et al., 2000, p. 443). In this analysis sunk costs are not relevant given that the company has started operations. The second categories of costs are differential costs which can also be thought of as avoidable, relevant, and/or incremental costs (Garrison et al., 2000, p. 444). Differential costs are variation in costs arising from two alternative decisions (Accounting for Management Organisation n.d.). In the case of Playdough, the differential costs are the only relevant costs. In the differential cost analysis approach a summary of the benefits of one alternative relative to another alternative is given. Playdough Company has the choice to make or purchase the canisters. When making this decision, the company will take into consideration the costs that would be saved by outsourcing the production relative to the cost of purchasing the canisters. The company would be able to save variable costs and some overhead costs by outsourcing the production. The computations are given as follows Item Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $ 120,000.00 Fixed overhead: Supervisor Salaries $80,000 Machinery Depreciation $28,000 $ 108,000.00 Total Cost Saved By Outsourcing $ 708,000.00 Cost of Purchasing the Canister = $1 per canister x 760,000 canister = $ 760, 000 The cost spent to purchase the canisters is $ 760,000 while the costs saved is $ 708,000. This indicates that the amount spent on purchasing the canister rather than producing them in-house would be $ 42,000 more. It can thus be concluded that it is more beneficial to make the canister than to buy. Thus the offer is rejected. Activity Based Cost Analysis Approach. This approach was developed by Johnson and Kaplan in 1987 as a solution to the process of determining the costs and factors that bring about indirect costs (Moisello, 2012, p. 1). The specific aim was to provide a direct relationship between products and their associated costs. In the activity based cost (ABC) analysis the production costs are assumed to arise from the performance of activities which results in the production of goods and services that are sold. The ABC process is divided into two stages. Firstly, the costs are associated to the activities and secondly, the costs are then correlated to the products. The advantage of using the ABC approach is that the utilisation of resources in not only analysed in relation to the quantity of production, but also in relations to the activities associated with production in the organisation. Similar to the approach employed by Hilton and Platt (2014, pp 610-611), the activities at Playdough can be broken down into two stages. The first stage involves identifying the unit level also known as the batch level. The second stage consists of identifying the costs drivers associated with each unit. In the analysis using relevant costing approach only the supervisor salary and machinery depreciation were taken into consideration as the fixed costs to be avoided from external sourcing. However, there are other fixed costs associated with the production of canisters including electricity, oil and lubricants, inspection, administrative staff, maintenance, product development, plant depreciation, and set up costs. These costs are indirect fixed costs and as such should be allocated to the fixed cost of producing canisters. Assuming that the indirect unit level fixed costs associated with the production of the canisters were $300,000 then the cost saved by outsourcing would be Item Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $ 120,000.00 Fixed overhead $ 300,000.00 Total Cost Saved By Outsourcing $ 900, 000.00 The cost saved by outsourcing is $900,000 while the cost incurred in purchasing the canisters is $ 760,000 a difference of $140,000. Using the ABC approach the offer is accepted. The relevant analysis and the ABC analysis have reached different conclusions. However, it should be noted that both approaches identified the relevant costs as those that would be avoided by purchasing the canisters. According to Holt and Platt (2014, p.611), the consideration of the avoidable costs is valid with the only difference between both approaches being the better capability of the ABC approach to specifically recognise the avoidable costs associated with the process of production. In conclusion, both approaches are valid, however, ABC is more superior at identifying avoidable costs. Therefore, the company should purchase the canisters. Manufacturers are sometimes confronted with the decision of whether to sell a product at the stipulated full price or at a discounted rate. When making such decisions, the manufacturer has to take into consideration all the benefits and costs Revenue Sale of Canisters (760,000 * $ 2.20) $ 1,672,000.00 Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour 12000 hrs at $15 per hr $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $10 per direct labour hr $ 120,000.00 Fixed overhead $45 per direct labour hr $ 540,000.00 Total cost $ 1,140,000.00 Profits $ 532,000.00 Profit per canister = $532,000/ 760,000 = $ 0.70 per canister If the canisters are sold at $1.40 rather than $2.20 the amount received by the company would reduce by $ 0.80. This suggests that the offer should be rejected. The decision can also be made using the break-even analysis. At the break-even level, the cost of production per unit is equal to the sale price per unit (Arsham, 2015). Simply put at the break-even point, the profit is zero. However, the company is able to recover the associated costs of manufacturing the items. The cost of producing a canister is $ 1.50, selling at $ 1.40 would result in a deficit of $ 0.10. The company would not be able to break-even as such the offer should be rejected. Other Considerations in Special Offer In situations where the company has extra capacity, the accountant needs to reconsider the incremental costs (Heisinger and Hoyle, 2017). Incremental costs are those that are incurred when the special order is accepted (University of North Florida, 2015). The variable costs of production are also taken into consideration as they are incremental and have a negative effect on profitability. There are no variable costs savings associated with special offers. Incremental benefits are also taken into consideration. They are mostly revenues that arise from the extra revenue earned from the special offer (University of North Florida, 2015). In this situation, Playdough has the capacity to produce the additional units thus the revenue from the additional sales will increase income. The costs that are not affected by the special order decision are not taken into consideration when making computation (Atrill and Mclaney, 2013, p.331). These costs are mostly fixed costs which are recurring expenses that remain irrespective whether the special order is accepted. In this situation, the contribution of the special offer will be taken into consideration. The contribution is calculated as follows Item Cost Direct materials $ 300,000.00 Direct labour 12000 hrs at $15 per hr $ 180,000.00 Variable overhead $10 per direct labour hr $ 120,000.00 Total Direct Cost $ 600,000.00 Direct Cost per Canister = $ 600,000 / 760,000 canisters = $ 0.79 per canister Contribution when canister is sold at the special offer price = $ 1.40 $ 0.79 = $0.61 The profit from selling to the outside company = $ 0.61 x 22,000 = $ 13,420 The second analysis indicates that the special offer would result in a profit of $ 13,240. The profits would be used to increase the profit level of Playdough and could be used to pay off some of the fixed costs. Since Playdough has the extra capacity, the optimal decision in this situation would be to accept the special offer. The basic consideration on whether to manufacture the coffee cups is the resultant profit margin. The profit margins are calculated as follows Item Cost Direct material $0.6 Direct labour $0.2 Variable overhead $0.1 Fixed overhead $0.15 Total Costs Per Cup $1.05 The profit margin = Sales price total manufacturing cost per cup = 1.20 1.05 = $ 0.05 This suggests that the company should make the cups. (i) Allocated over heads: The common fixed costs need to be taken into consideration. Common fixed costs refer to overheads that support the manufacturing activities of more than one segment of the business organisation (Hilton and Platt, 2014, p.600). These costs are not partially or wholly avoidable by doing away with a given part of the production process. For example, the wages of the companys CEO would not be reduced or eliminated if any of the product lines were discontinued. The process of costing the fixed overheads to a particular product line or business unit is what is referred to as the allocation of overheads (Porter and Norton, 2013, p. 213). The common fixed costs for Playdough Company is the difference between the total fixed costs and the costs associated with the manufacture of canisters ($ 80,000 for Supervisor and $28,000 for machinery depreciation) Common Fixed Cost = $ 540, 000 -$ 80,000 -$2 8,000 = $ 432,000 Total Units Produced= 760,000 units +400,000 units = 1,160, 000 units Common fixed cost per unit = $ 432,000 / 1,160,000 units = $0.37 per unit Allocating the common fixed cost = $0.05 per unit - $ 0.37 per unit = ($ 0.32) When the common fixed costs are allocated to the production of coffee cups the margins are found to be negative. This suggests that the coffee cups should not be produced. However, according to Garrison et al., (2000, p. 454) such a decision would be falling into the trap of fully allocated costs. This is because the coffee cups are able to cater for all the costs associated with their production (traceable fixed costs). The production of the coffee cups results in a profit margin of = $ 0.05 x 400,000 = $20,000 Thus unless the company can come up with an alternative product line to generate more than $20,000 segment margin, then the company would be better off manufacturing the coffee cups. By producing the coffee cups, the companys cumulative net operating income will be higher than if the product line were dropped. Conclusion The main use of managerial accounting is that it provides relevant information needed for decision making in the organisation. By undertaking critical analysis using different approaches and methodologies, Playdough Company can determine the best course of actions. References Accounting for Management Organisation (n.d.) Differential, opportunity and sunk costs. Available at https://www.accountingformanagement.org/differential-opportunity-and-sunk-costs/ (Accessed: 30 August 2017). Arsham, P., 2015. Break even analysis and forecasting. Available at https://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Business-stat/otherapplets/BreakEven.htm (Accessed: 30 August 201). Atrill, P., and Mclaney, E., 2013. Financial accounting for decision making (7th ed. ). New York: Pearson. Garrison, R., Noreen, E., Chesley, G., and Carrol, R., 2000. Managerial Accounting: Concepts for planning, control, and decision making (4th ed.). New York: Mc-Graw-Hill Ryerson. Heisinger, K., and Hoyle, J., 2017. Special order decisions. Flat world. Available at https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/4402?e=heisinger_1.0-ch07_s02 (Accessed: 31 August 2017). Hilton, R., and Platt, D., 2014. Managerial Accounting: Creating value in a dynamic business environment (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Moisello, A., 2012. Costing for decision making: Activity based costing vs. theory of constraints. The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management, 12, pp. 1-12. Porter, G., and Norton, C., 2013. Financial accounting: The impact on decision making (8th ed.). Ohio: South-western, Cengage Learning. Williams, J., Haka, S., and Bettner, S., 2005. Financial and managerial accounting: The basis of business decision. Boston: McGraw-Hill. University of North Florida, 2015. Special order decision. Available at https://www.unf.edu/~dtanner/dtch/dt_ch20.htm (Accessed: 31 August 2017).

Internet Addiction in Modern Society

Today, the internet has become the biggest source of information in the whole world thanks to the advancing technology (Green 52). Any kind of information concerning anything in this world can be found there. Therefore, many people have sought to improve their knowledge, skills, and abilities about the internet in order to be in a better position to benefit from it. As a result, the world has since become just like a small global village whereby people can communicate from any corner of the world in seconds. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internet Addiction in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People have also been able to acquire education without having to step in a lecture hall (Tomei 71). It is no longer the time when students had to travel from one continent to another in search of the best institutions of higher learning. These institutions have been brought right in their homes and that ha s cut them all that cost of having to travel and live in a foreign country. Never the less, everything good has its negative side, the emergency of the internet has come with its own ills. A lot of work that was done manually is now being done through the internet (Tomei 73). Students need not walk to classrooms; there are no longer messengers to post or deliver written messages from one office to another. The physical activity that was there is no longer in existence and hence people have become lazy. This is not healthy for the body as people end up developing health complications because of lack of exercise. On top of that, children have been exposed to sources of misleading information. Pornography sites are common sites that are visited by many young people and as a result, they end up learning a lot that can spoil their lives (Green 53). The biggest problem of all is the fact that many people have become addicted with the internet. People in KSA spend most part of the day on line staring on the screen and that has greatly affected other useful activities that used to be carried out there before. There are various reasons that have caused people in KSA to get addicted in the internet. Having a good connection of internet wiring is one great cause of internet addiction (Green 55). Without the wiring, people would not be in a position to access the internet services. Therefore the fact that the government does a lot in ensuring that people get connected, increases their chances of being addicted. There is also increased speed in the use of the internet, which enables people to get any kind of information or entertainment that they may want in a very short time (Kutais 100). If people had to wait for a long periods before accessing what they want in the internet, then perhaps they would lose interest and find better things to do.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore It is no longer the time that entertainment could only be found in the televisions, newspapers, and magazine. The internet has created a more efficient source of entertainment, which creates a mental stimulation just like in a television (Kutais 100). Continuous exposure to the television has made people too much addicted to some programs and thus their minds are always tuned there. This number of people has since reduced because people have found a more appealing source of entertainment in the internet. There is always that urge to get online and chat with friends, watch movies, play games among other things. The most visited sites in the internet are social sites like face book and twitter. People can now get to know others and make friends on the social cites while others go ahead and get married. Good internet connectivity coupled with the fact that the cost of using the internet is very cheap make people to spent countless hours in the internet (Green 56). There have bee n countless cases of people neglecting their duties even starving children with hunger not because there is no food but simply because they cannot get themselves off the damn internet. By paying a very little amount of money, one can be able to stay glued to the screen for a very long time. Suppose the charges for accessing internet services could be raised, perhaps the number of internet addicts could decline. The internet services can be accessed not only in the computers but also on mobile phones. Social network addicts are on the increase because even in the absence of the computer or the cyber cafà ©, they can easily chat with friends through their mobile phones (Kutais 103). The number of hours people spend on sleep has tremendously declined. A person may need to sleep and even go to bed but fail to do it immediately because of the urge to view other people’s status, to update one’s own and the like. This has been made simpler by the use of mobile phones. From the comfort of one’s own bed all that is done and thus many people no longer take the required healthy number of hours of sleep. Internet addiction has had both positive and negative effects in KSA. In the kingdom of Saudi Arabia where Islam is the religion, gender segregation is at a very high scale. The females are not allowed to interact with the opposite sex from outside their families (Azzam 44). This gap has since been bridged by the social networks; they can communicate and make friends with people of their own choice from the comfort of their houses. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internet Addiction in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been many cases of relationships ending due to this. A man may feel jealous when his fiancà ©e keeps chatting with other members of the opposite sex and vice versa. Once cautioned to stop it and one fails to because of addiction, seriou s problems ensue and many times the relationship becomes very strained. On top of that, health complications have arisen because of staring at the screen for long hours and the failure to carry on activities that cause the body to exercise. Internet addiction has led to an increase in antisocial behavior. The way people used to communicate in the real world has since changed. The daily practices that comprise interpersonal communication are declining as internet addicts are now using smiley faces and avatars instead of body gestures (Azzam 41). There is a decline in the use of facial expressions and other body gestures to put across intended emotion. As a result, people have developed personality disorders in which they do not identify with their real life persona but rather with their Internet representation. Therefore, the ability of people to maintain a healthy social life has greatly been reduced (Young 7). In order to help the people in KSA to deal with the problem, rehabilita tion is the best thing that can help them with the best solutions to internet addiction (Young 8). Our group is going to make use the little savings that we have to start a company that will offer rehabilitation services to people addicted to the internet. It is our expectation that we are going to get funding from the government and other donors since we do want to charge any fee to our clients. I am the overall leader of the group and my role will be to see to the success of the company. I will organize everything that has to be done, and make sure that everything is in the right order. My duties include looking for the best facilities that will enable us carry out our mission effectively. I will also go ahead to acquire the best sources of labor from people who are experienced and willing to work as volunteer. The greatest professional problem that many encounter when setting up our company is getting the best human resource (Noble 21). Given that, we do not intend to charge an y fee to our clients, we will need a lot of sacrifice. Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We will not be in a position to pay for any labor not unless we get good funding or a donor. Therefore, people will offer their services based on helping but not earning daily bread. As a result, we are expecting that many people are going to turn our invitations down never the less we are determined to make it. To deal with the above problem, we intend to spread awareness on the importance of offering voluntary services. In addition to that, we are going to request the government for some funds and apply for sponsorship by other able individuals or organizations. If all goes well, we are looking forward to start rewarding our human resources with some amount of money at the end of each month. The big problem is that, the government may turn down our request and we may not be able to get a good donor. On top of that, it is very hard for some people to offer free services given that they have spent quite a lot in acquiring the knowledge that they have. They see it as a waste of time and their energy (Noble 148). That can make us not be able to get the best human resource to add on the one that we already have. The other professional problem that we are likely to face is to do with the training of all the members. Professional ethics require that a person should be well conversant with what he or she is doing in a company. Therefore, we need to train our staff thoroughly for them to be able to offer the best services (Noble 4). Getting the required personnel to give the proper training may be quite a challenge given that we do not have the ability to pay in order to get the best. In order to deal with the above problem, we have decided to make the best use of the internet to look for a volunteer who can offer the service. If that is not possible, we intend to contribute the little that we have to pay for the lowest bidder. In addition to that, we shall try as much as possible to get a lot of information about rehabilitation of internet addicts from the internet. Getting a volunteer trainer may not be easy and contributing the little that we have to pay for one will mean a decrease in the limited finance that we have. Lack of enough capital when starting a company is a great setback (Worthington 12). Still the information on the internet is not enough to equip us for what we are about to do. Depending much on it will mean that our services will be limited to certain activities. We intend to work on looking for the best human resource first before considering the issue of training. This is because with the best skilled labor, there is no need for a lot of training (Worthington 13). That will cut down the cost of having to hire a professional trainer. We will have also been spared the cumbersome duty of having to search for a volunteer trainer. Getting the best skilled labor means having those particular person in our midst throughout. They will end up showing us what to do and correcting us whenever we go wrong. There is a good internet net work in KSA and that has facilitated the use of internet services. Many people are able to access it at very low cost. There are interesting sites like the social media that keeps people glued to the screen for long hours. As a result, people have been addicted to it, and are exposed to many problems (Young 9). We intend to start a company that will help the people to deal with the problem. Getting the required skilled labor is our greatest problem and in addition to that training the staff could pose a big challenge. Works Cited Azzam, Henry T. The Arab World Facing the Challenge of the New Millennium. London: Tauris, 2002. Internet resource. Green, Lelia. The Internet: An Introduction to New Media. Oxford: Berg, 2010. Print. Kutais, B G. Internet Policies, and Issues, Volume 4. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002. Print. Noble, Dawn. How to Start a Home-Based Professional Organizing Business. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2007. Print. Tomei, Lawrence A. Lexicon of Onlin e, and Distance Learning. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2010. Print. Worthington, Kelvin. Setting Up and Running a Successful Home Business. Glebe, N.S.W: Pascal Press, 2006. Print. Young, Kimberly S, and Cristiano N. Abreu. Internet Addiction: A Handbook and Guide to Evaluation and Treatment. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. This report on Internet Addiction in Modern Society was written and submitted by user Emelia Marshall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Garret Hobart - McKinleys Influential Vice President

Garret Hobart - McKinley's Influential Vice President Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844- November 21, 1899) served only two years, from 1897-1899 as President William McKinleys Vice President. However, in that time he proved himself to be quite influential in his role, advising McKinley to have Congress declare war on Spain and being the deciding vote to take the Philippines as a US territory at wars end. He became the sixth vice president to die while in office. During his time in office, however, he earned the moniker, Assistant President.   Early Years Garret Hobart was born to Sophia Vanderveer and Addison Willard Hobart on June 3, 1844 in Long Branch, New Jersey. His father had moved there to open a primary school. Hobart attended this school before going to boarding school and then graduating first from Rutgers University. He studied law under Socrates Tuttle and was admitted to the bar in 1866. He went on to marry Jennie Tuttle, his teachers daughter.   Rise as a State Politician Hobart quickly rose in the ranks of New Jersey politics. In fact, he became the first man to head both the New Jersey House of Representatives and the Senate. However, due to his extremely successful law career, Hobart had no desire to leave New Jersey to become involved in national politics in Washington, D.C. From 1880 to 1891, Hobart was the head of New Jerseys Republican Committee, advising the party on which candidates to put into office. He did, in fact, run for the US Senate a few times, but he never put his full effort into the campaign and did not succeed ​to the national scene.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Nomination as Vice President In 1896, the Republican National Party decided that Hobart who was relatively unknown outside the state should join William McKinleys ticket for the presidency. However, Hobart according to his own words was not overjoyed with this prospect as it would mean having to leave his lucrative and comfortable life in New Jersey. McKinley ran and won on the platforms of the Gold Standard and a protective tariff against perennial candidate William Jennings Bryan.   Influential Vice President Once Hobart won the vice presidency, he and his wife quickly moved to Washington, D.C., and leased a home on Lafayette Square which would earn the nickname, the Little Cream White House. They entertained at the home quite often, taking over the traditional duties of the White House. Hobart and McKinley became fast friends, and Hobart began visiting the White House to advise the president quite frequently. In addition, Jennie Hobart helped take care of McKinleys wife who was an invalid.   Hobart and the Spanish-American War When the USS Maine was sunk in Havana Harbor and trough the poison pen of yellow journalism, Spain was quickly laid to blame, Hobart found that the Senate over which he presided quickly turned to talk of war. President McKinley had tried to be cautious and moderate in his approach with Spain after the incident. However, when it became apparent to Hobart that the Senate was prepared to move against Spain without McKinleys involvement, he convinced the president to take the lead in the fight and ask Congress to declare war. He also presided over the Senate when it ratified the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War. One of the provisions of the treaty gave America control over the Philippines. There was a proposal in Congress that the territory be given its independence. However, when this ended in a tied vote, Hobart cast the deciding vote to keep the Philippines as a US territory.   Death Throughout 1899, Hobart suffered from fainting spells related to heart problems. He knew the end was coming and actually announced that he retired from public life in early November. On November 21, 1899, he passed away at home in Paterson, New Jersey. President McKinley attended Hobarts funeral, a man he considered a personal friend. New Jersey also went into a period of mourning to commemorate Hobarts life and contribution to the state.   Legacy Hobarts name is not widely recognized today. However, he was quite influential during his time as vice president and showed what power could be exerted from that position if the president chooses to rely on their advice.

Free sample - Principles of perception. translation missing

Principles of perception. Principles of perception1. The principle of figure and ground In this principle, the terms figure and ground are used to explain how people use the elements of the scene, which contain a similarity in shape and appearance and group them together as one whole entity. All similar elements (figure) tend to be perceptually contrasted with dissimilar elements (ground) in order to create the impression of a whole (Spelke 1993, p. 1490). For instance, in a picture of a lighthouse with blue horizontal lines, the lighthouse stands out as the figure, while the horizontal blue lines are perceived as the ground (Lohr 2000, p. 49). However, it is not always easy to separate visually the figure from the ground. Sometimes, creative artists may make drawings that illustrate how difficult it is to pick out the figure from the ground on which it is positioned. Psychologists have traditionally been using carefully designed art that plays around with the figure and ground in profoundly fascinating ways (Goldstein 2009, p. 298). In such works of art, the figure and ground appear to interchange. However, nature also provides perceptual intrigues that are difficult to point out without the use of the principle of figure and ground. In most cases, this takes the form of camouflage, whereby the principle facilitates the breakdown of figure and ground. The objective is always to make the figure seem like the ground so much it disappears from view. It is only with immense difficulty that one can separate a chameleon from the green leaf stalk on which it is perched. This is because the figure and ground have been merged together. This principle perfectly explains the tendency by some people in an organization to hide their true attributes mainly through pretense. A prospective employee who perceives his background to constitute an undesirable trait may suppress this negative attribute, by pretending to possess only the attributes that are needed for the job. For instance, they may claim to have associations with renowned professionals in a field for which the employer is seeking a job candidate. Employer may have to request for further information in order to determine whether the employees are telling the truth or not. 2. The principle of similarity, proximity, and continuity The principle of similarity indicates that objects that share visual characteristics like color, shape, texture, size, orientation or value are seen as belonging together. These features make similar objects create varying impressions, even though they are equidistant from those objects that are the odd ones out within the group. For instance, in a groups of small and large circles, the large circles will appear to belong together just because of the similarity in their size. The same thing will apply to the small circles. In terms of proximity, things that are closer together are regarded as belonging together. For instance, when horizontal rows made up of small circles are closer to each other than the vertical columns that they form, they are perceived as two vertical lines. In terms of continuity, it becomes easy to predict the preference for continuous figures. For instance, the image of a black cross is perceived as two crossed lines instead of four lines that meet at the center. The principle of similarity, proximity, and continuity explains the behavior of people within organizations, whereby individuals are judged according to the people they associate with (Ferguson 2004, p. 39). When people adopt mannerisms, habits, memberships in certain clubs and societies, likes, and dislikes that are typical of a given caliber of people, they are automatically classified in the same group with such people. The concept of proximity is used to determine the commonness of purpose among everyone within the organization, despite the various individual differences, personality traits, and personal interests among them. Similarly, the concept of continuity defines the disposition by people in an organization to appreciate success in its entirety without paying attention to personal sacrifices of certain individuals, exceptional transformational leadership qualities of the manager or some unethical behavior among some employees in efforts to achieve the desired outcome. Â   References Ferguson, M 2004, How social perception can automatically influence behavior, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 33-39. Goldstein, B 2009, Sensation and perception, Penguin Books, New York. Lohr, L 2000, ‘Three Principles of Perception for Instructional Interface Design’, Educational Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 45-52. Spelke, E 1993, ‘Gestalt relations and object perception: a developmental study’ Perception, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1483 – 1501.

About Jazz Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Jazz Music - Research Paper Example In fact, Jazz is all set to win the hearts and minds of the music lovers located anywhere and everywhere in the world and is no more the exclusive legacy of American masses. It is really tough to trace a chronologically systematic history of Jazz music. However, it will be quiet realistic to say that Jazz evolved from a budding musical diversion to a blooming tradition at some time around the beginning of the 20th century. The dilemma of the historians and archives of Jazz music is that today there exist very few recordings of Jazz from its formative years. Even the recordings that exist fail to extend a true sound of the Jazz music of those days because of the limitations of the recording technology of that time (Ratliff 56). Considering the fact that extempore performances, which are not merely encouraged in Jazz, but in fact constitute a vital and indispensable part of this genre, were not accurately captured by the then existing recording facilities. Jazz in its early days authentically had a black heart that eventually won the interest and dedication of connoisseurs hailing from all cultures and colors. Actually, Jazz was the first native American musical form that had an impact that was not merely panned American but Global in its scope (Roots of American Music 82). The port city of New Orleans is considered to be the home of Jazz music. It is easier for the Jazz fans to understand that the development of such musical tradition undeniably needed a cosmopolitan breeding ground. Jazz was the result of the mingling of the Western classical music with the African spirituals and blues to which was added a generous smattering of the Caribbean and Latin culture. Thus it amply reveals a sophistication of the classical influences thickly loaded with the spice, verve, and energy that is conclusively African and Latin in its origins. It has the finesse of an orchestra combined to the earthiness of a brass band, which gives it its typical flavor. Such an enticing art form surely could not be kept confined to New Orleans for long. Shortly Jazz began its journey towards the north and reached Chicago, where it soon captured the loyalty of the masses and became a regular feature at the local nightclubs (Roots of American Music 82). Yet, it is the New York City that rendered Jazz with an immense mass appeal and commercial possibilities, courtesy of its booming music publishing business (Roots of American Music 82). Presently Jazz started becoming more organized and the splinter Jazz groups started sticking together to give way to big Jazz bands led by celebrated performers like Count Basic and Jellyroll Morton. This was the time when Jazz finally achieved the fame and success that was long its due. Surely the American dream is not merely confined to people and groups but has cultural and artistic ramifications. Jazz has finally arrived by the late 40s. One fact that deserves prompt attention is that Jazz was not merely urban in it s scope.  Ã‚  

The Rights of the LGBT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

The Rights of the LGBT - Essay Example The achievement of the rights started the law paved way for it by decriminalization of their acts from1967. This was from the moment the Wolfenden report was considered in parliament. Since that time, the group has been involved in a long struggle, as they fight for their rights within the United Kingdom. The group today has achieved a lot, and many bills have been passed in their favor. The law has guaranteed equal treatment for the LGBT group in every sphere of life. They still have a long way to go, since they are still subject to prejudice by the society. However, the situation has greatly improved, and the mechanisms to make it better have been put in place. Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Areas of Concerns for the LGBT 4 1.2 Just What is Wrong With the Society? 5 2 The History Of LGBT In U.K 6 2.1 After the Wolfenden Report 9 2.2 Further Reforms From 1967 To 1994 And The Age Of Consent 11 2.3 The Progress From 2000 To Date 14 2.4 Revisiting Section 28 14 2.5 Other Reforms 15 2.6 Have The Social Attitudes Changed? 17 2.7 Further Change For UK 18 2.8 Reasons For Differing Times Of Change In The Rights Of The LGBT 19 3 Conclusion 21 1. Introduction The initials LGBT represent a specific group of people in every society. They represent lesbians, gay, bisexual and transgender or the transsexual individuals. The letter T also represents transvestite group of people. Sometimes the letter Q is added to include the group of questioning youth, who through time have put to book the policymakers the issues that surround this group. Generally, the society in different states does not accept this group. Basing their argument on the moral values that are dictated by traditions and religious backgrounds, most of the society’s members discriminate this group. The law represents this moral ground, and as expected their rights are not a part of the law. On the contrary, the laws incriminate their activities and hence deny them their righ ts. Presently, the group is represented by organizations that are concerned with their rights (Beitz 2009, p.1-5). In the United Kingdom, the discrimination is based on several aspects. This includes discrimination of basic amenities such as housing and access to medical facilities. They are also discriminated on employment opportunities and recruitment on the same. However, the society has changed its attitude on the group over time. Consequently, the law has also been adjusted to accommodate the rights of these individuals. The rights of these groups depend entirely on the ruling of the court, which is guided by the constitution of the state in its ruling (Beitz 2009, p.1-5). Therefore, the organizations that are directly engaged with LGBT have a lot of faith in the law of the land. They understand that the law is a key driver of social change in every country. The ultimate achievement of the rights of the group depends heavily on the interpretation of the constitution. Some of th e decisions made by the courts that are based on the constitution have heavily influenced the change of rights and achievement of equality of the LGBT. In this study, I look into the depths of discrimination in the United Kingdom, with a specials focus on the rights of LGBT.

Affirmative action at the work place Essay Example for Free

Affirmative action at the work place Essay Affirmative action is a concept used as a justice seeking tool comprising of policies to address intimidating aspects of a non dominant or minor group. Such groups include women, minority men and physically disabled people. Affirmative action increases these groups access to facilities such as employment and education. The motivation for affirmative action comes in times when a perception or actual negative aspect towards a certain group is experienced, but illegal according to legislative bodies. It is also applied in learning and service delivery institutions such as police forces, hospitals or universities to motivate them to act more responsibly to the people they represent. According to Bulman (2006), affirmative action at the work place is a concept that should be applied in all departments. This is because many working places are characterized by cultural, social and political diversity (p.45). This is to say that people come from different communities, races, religions, political backgrounds, gender, national origins, and age, physical and mental health capabilities. This calls for affirmative action to fight for the weak mass within the working place, as these upgrades the workforce diversity. Racial and gender based discrimination in a working environment comes in the areas of granting jobs, in promotional programs and admission to institutions causing unfairness and inhumanity aspects in the working environment. Affirmative action in an employment environment illustrates both the prescriptive indicators and double edge quality in working together. Strong form of affirmative action should be the abolishment of race and sex consciousness in the times of hiring, promotion and in layoff preferences. Â  The need and essentiality of constructing integrated society in the workplace is to develop a forward looking and pragmatic staff. The diversity bestowed on company employees signifies diversity in its location and therefore employers need a law to govern them for maintenance of the diversity. The ideology of preferences among equally qualified applicants has a negative perception at this time when diversity is so widely acknowledged. The support extended to workplace diversity leaves open both questions of means and ends. Enhancement of affirmative action can literally be done through encouraging application from disadvantaged groups during recruitment programs. As a result, some preferences may be extended to the groups perceived to be underrepresented. Affirmative action should be mostly adopted by government organizations for they are highly affected by discrimination along ethnicity and gender lines (Loury, 2003, p.13). Adoption of this will make state parties to diminish or eliminate situations which help in perpetuating discrimination. For the government to assist implementation of this, each company should be given some legal minimum requirements to comply, in the area of representation by the disadvantaged groups in their various departments of work. The matters of concern that should be addressed are equity ownership, representation within management, employee level up to board of directors level, procurement of businesses and other several social investment programs. Affirmative action prevents discrimination in lines with hiring bias, promotion, job assignment, compensation, retaliation and all sorts of harassments. Work place is a unique and important site for development of corporative and social ties of different groups. It has of late become the centre for corporation, socialization, and solidarity, which emerge as primary features of human psychology. This has also been tightened by affirmative action move, which has promoted equity in opportunity and demographic heterogeneity and the imposition of rudimentary virtues of freedom of association and communication (Mellot, 2006, p.7). The conventionality in the diversity argument hardly spins the value of demographic based on heterogeneity and is mostly made to ensure work place integration. The process of affirmative action thus starts with pooling different people of different identities and backgrounds together. Different experiences and attitudes thought to correspond to demographic variations in the work place are eroded easily, thus emphasizing on common ground and connectedness across the difference lines. In places where many people live and work together elements like friction in decision making, turnover and dissatisfaction are eminent. The challenge is devising the ways and means to ameliorate the emerging tensions. In the employment context, workers should be protected equally and completely rule out employment abuses such as unequal treatment of treating employees, job applicants and former employees due to differences in a group membership. Employers have to take care of pregnant mothers or related medical conditions. It is against affirmative action move to discriminate workers in lines of discharging, hiring, compensating, terms provision, conditions and employment related privileges (Mellot, 2006, p. 9). From societal point of it, the employees form a part of society. They have to take that as their own community, live in it and a system of governance should exist within. Application of many cooperative interracial interactions in the workplace ensures the living together and governance. Because of the diversity brought in by the globalization process, interactions that lead to reasonable and controllable frictions should be allowed to pave way to brainstorming and creativity. From the societal calculus, the side of the employer is less considered.

Marketing Strategies :: essays research papers

Title:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guidelines in Increasing the Number of Sales (applicable in any Industry; most Applicable in the Food Industry) Researcher:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RuthLenlea B. Villela Professor:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. M. Pangilinan School:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technological University of the Philippines Year:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1st Sem School Year 2004 Problem How to increase the Sales in a Local Ice Cream Parlor Summary / Findings PROBLEM ONE: NO SUNDAE DESCRIPTIONS The first problem we saw was that he was only listing the names of his sundaes, since there was no room for a description of each sundae. While this wasn't a problem for his Basic Sundaes, after all, everyone knows what's in a Pineapple Sundae, or a Hot Fudge Sundae, it was a huge problem with his Specialty Sundaes. Many of his Specialty Sundaes had fun, 'creative' names, like The Lala Palooza, The Zombie and The Razzana. Maybe Frank and his staff, and a few of his long-time customers, knew what those sundaes were, but we were certain that most of his customers didn't have a clue. Frank had assumed that his customers knew what those sundaes contained, or if they didn't, they would simply ask. People don't buy what they don't understand. And few are going to ask. They will take the path of least resistance and just buy what they are familiar with -- Pineapple Sundaes, Hot Fudge Sundaes, etc. PROBLEM TWO: NO PICTURES We've all heard that a 'picture is worth a thousand words.' Well, that saying is especially true when it comes to food. When you show pictures of desserts in restaurants, you will sell a lot more desserts. Some restaurants are even more savvy, and actually display the desserts or bring them right to your table for you to see. The bottom line -- visuals sell! Frank had never really thought about his menu system. The plain white letters on the black display boards had been his system since the day his business opened. He never considered adding pictures to his menu. Conclusion: Our experience in marketing, and our knowledge of how people buy, made it clear to us, that these two problems -- obscure sundae names with no descriptions, and no pictures of the sundaes themselves -- were making it nearly impossible for Frank's customers to order his higher-priced sundaes. Having pinpointed the problems, the solution was relatively easy. We suggested that Frank take pictures of each of his Specialty Sundaes, and have them enlarged. Frank then had two large signs made to be placed at both ends of his ordering counter, above his cashiers to make it easy for his customers to see the Specialty Sundaes and what they contained.

Evolution Of Diabetes Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

Diabetess mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia ensuing from defects in insulin secernment, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with long-run harm, disfunction, and failure of assorted variety meats, particularly the eyes, kidneys, nervousnesss, bosom, and blood vessels.1 Figure 1: Prevalence estimations of diabetes ( 20-79 old ages ) in South – East Asiatic part Globally diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable diseases. It is quickly going the epidemic of the twenty-first century. Diabetes, one time considered a disease of the West has now become a planetary wellness precedence. Harmonizing to the International Diabetes Federation, the planetary load of diabetes in the age group 20-79 old ages will increase from 285 million in 2010 to 439 million in 2030. Around 80 % of the disease load is in low and in-between income countries.2 American indians have a younger age of oncoming of diabetes as compared to other cultural groups.3 A temporal displacement to a immature group in the age of diagnosing has been reported by the CURES ( Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study ) study.4 Harmonizing to IDF, the 40-59 group has the greatest figure of people with diabetes. By 2030, it is projected that there will be 188 million people with diabetes as compared to 132 million in 2010. History of diabetes can be traced back to 2000 old ages. A Grecian doctor Aretaeus foremost described diabetes as â€Å" the thaw of flesh and castanetss into urine † . In the sixteenth century, Swiss doctor Phillipus Aureolus Paracelsus identified diabetes as a serious general upset. The Indian Sushruta identified diabetes with fleshiness and sedentary life style reding exercisings to â€Å" assist bring around it † . Treatment of diabetes saw enlightment in the twentieth century. In 1921, Sir Fredrick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert Best discovered that infusion from cattle foetal pancreas lowers blood glucose degrees of depancreatized Canis familiariss. The find of insulin was in fact a collaborative research of Fredrick Benting, Charles Best, J.J.R MacLeod and J.B McLeod. 5 In 1930, unwritten medicines Sulphonylureas were developed for the people with type 2 diabetes. Metformin was approved in 1995 by FDA for usage in type 2 diabetes. Precose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor was approved for usage in patients with type 2 diabetes. As of this twelvemonth, 11 categories of drugs are available for clinical usage in diabetes.INTENSIVE Vs STANDARD GLYCEMIC CONTROLDCCT and UKPDSDiabetess is associated with a decreased lifetime, mostly as a effect of its association with hyperglycaemia specific microvascular complications and a two- to four crease hazard of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) .6 Although important morbidity and premature mortality are due to microvascular complications, the greatest cause of decease in people with diabetes is CVD.6 The association between elevated blood glucose and complications ( both micro and macrovascular ) has been postulated since the early portion of the century.7Several surveies have conducted to measure the benefits of intensive glycemic control in cut downing complications of diabetes. Though a nexus is established between hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular hazard, there is less grounds back uping the decrease in hazard with glucose lowering. Randomized controlled tests ( DCCT and UKPDS ) have once and for all demonstrated the decrease of hazard of microvascular complications by intensive glycemic control in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.6 Although DCCT was conducted on patients with type 1 diabetes, the survey demonstrated that hyperglycaemia is associated with presence or patterned advance of complications. Consequences demonstrated that every bit compared to the standard glycemic control group ( Mean HbA1c achieved – 9 % ) there was about 60 % decrease in the development or patterned advance of microvascular complications in the intensive glycemic control group ( Mean HbA1c achieved – 9 % ) over an norm of 6.5 years.6 In the UKPDS survey, participants with freshly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were followed for 10 old ages. The consequences demonstrated that every bit compared to the standard glycemic control group ( Mean HbA1c achieved – 7.9 % ) there was an overall decrease of 25 % in the intensive glycemic control group ( Mean HbA1c achieved – 7.0 % ) .6,7 For every per centum lessening in HbA1c, there was 35 % decrease in the hazard of complications. 7 On the footing of the informations from these big controlled tests and assorted epidemiologic studies the ADA recommends an HbA1c end of & lt ; 7 % for most of the grownups with diabetes. Whereas these surveies established a relationship between hyperglycaemia and CVD, the potency of intensive glycemic control was yet to be indentified. Merely a subgroup of patients treated with Glucophage had a lower hazard of cardiovascular events in the ( UKPDS ) , therefore informations did non once and for all exhibit a decrease in cardiovascular events with intensive therapy.7Patients with type 1 diabetes in the DCCT survey demonstrated that glucose lowering was associated with a long-run benefit with respect to cardiovascular complications that became evident merely old ages after recruitment.7 Tests were so conducted to find the consequence of the lowering of glucose to near-normal or below degrees on cardiovascular hazard.ADVANCE ( Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease )The primary result of ADVANCE was a combination of microvascular events ( nephropathy and retinopathy ) and major inauspicious cardiovascular events ( MI, shot, and cardiovascular decease ) .A important decrease in the microvascular result with no important decrease in the macrovascular result was seen with intensive glycemic control. But with intensive glycemic control there was no difference in overall or cardiovascular mortality as compared with the standard glycemic control arms.6However significantly more episodes of terrible hypoglycaemia were found in the intensive-control group.8ACCORD ( Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes )Increased human death rate in the intensive glycemic control group resulted in the survey being halted in February 2008. A 35 % higher rate of decease due to CV causes was seen in the intensive glycemic control group. More episodes of serious hypoglycaemia were found among patients following intensive glycemic control group than among those following the standard glycemic control group.6 Deaths due to CV disease in this test may hold been related to severe hypoglycemia.9VADT ( Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial )In VADT, the primary result was a complex of CVD events ( MI, shot, cardiovascular decease, revascularization, hospitalization for bosom failure, and amputation for ischaemia ) . More deceases due to CV causes were seen in the intensive glycemic control group as compared to the standard glycemic control group. More episodes of hypoglycaemia were found in the intensive glycemic control group than in the standard glycemic control group.8, 9OUTCOME – ADVANCE, ACCORD, VADTADVANCE, ACCORD, VADT tests were big, well-conducted randomized tests with meaningful clinical results to assist reply major inquiries. As compared to DCCT and the UKPDS they were of shorter continuance and enrolled older patients with either known CVD or multiple hazard factors, proposing the presence of established coronary artery disease and higher hazard of CV events.6The recent study of 10 old ages of followup of the UKPDS cohort by Rury R. Holman et.al. supports the hypothesis that glycemic control early in the class of type 2 diabetes may hold CVD benefit.6Counter-balancing effects for CVD such as hypoglycaemia, weight addition, or other metabolic alterations may besides propose the inability of ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VADT to show important decrease of CVD with intensive glycemic control.6 The intervention schemes in these surveies might hold had effects other than the intended effects on CV hazard factors.9MULTIPLE RISK FACTOR INTERVENTIONIn the last 10 old ages, many modifiable hazard factors for vascular complications have been identified by a figure of prospective surveies. These hazard factors include hyperglycemia, high blood press ure, dyslipidaemia and smoke.STENO – 2Steno – 2 test evaluated whether the attack of intensified multifactorial intercession with tight glucose ordinance, usage of renin-angiotensin system blockers, acetylsalicylic acid, and lipid-lowering agents to cut down the hazard of nonfatal cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria.10Participants were assigned indiscriminately to have either a conventional ( behavioral ) or an intensive, multifactorial, goal-targeted therapy for a period of 7.8 years.11The consequences demonstrated an absolute hazard decrease of 20 % for decease from any cause in the intensive therapy group as compared with conventional therapy group. Results demonstrated a 50 % decrease in the hazard of microvascular events and a 13 % decrease in the absolute hazard of decease from cardiovascular causes in the intensive therapy group.10, 11 Deduction TO CLINICIANS 6, 8, 9 HbA1c mark of & lt ; 7 % should be the end for non-pregnant grownups. Lowering HbA1c to below or around 7 % has shown to cut down microvascular and neuropathic complications. Individualization of marks for patients with extra cardiovascular hazard factors. HbA1c marks a†°Ã‚ ¤ 7 % in the old ages shortly after the diagnosing of diabetes without established atherosclerotic diseases is associated with long-run decrease in hazard of macrovascular disease Lesser stringent HbA1c mark may be appropriate for patients with history of terrible hypoglycaemia, limited life anticipation, advanced micro and macrovascular complications, extended comorbid conditions or those with longstanding diabetes. Cardiovascular hazard decrease should be encouraged through smoking surcease, dietetic, reding for physical activity and behavioral alterations. Evidence-based recommendation should be followed for blood force per unit area control, dyslipidemia and acetylsalicylic acid prophylaxis An intensive, targeted and multifactorial attention attack is indispensable in people with diabetes at high hazardA §FOREMOST UpdatesLook AHEAD ( Action For Health in Diabetes ) is a multicenter randomized clinical test being presently conducted to analyze the effects of a lifestyle intercession over long term through decreased thermal consumption and exercising. The primary purpose is to analyze the effects on major cardiovascular events i.e. bosom onslaught, shot and cardiovascular-related decease. It besides aims to look into the impact of the intercessions on other cardiovascular disease-related results, cardiovascular hazard factors, and all-cause mortality. The consequences published at 1 twelvemonth resulted in clinically important weight loss in people with type 2 diabetes in the lifestyle intercession group.12

Green Ox Essay

The new products division of Palmer Jackson, Inc. , a Cincinnati-based food and beverages manufacturer, successfully perfect a technique for dissolving common antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Selenium into high-glucose beverages. As a result a new line of sports beverages with added benefit of antioxidants occur. Palmer Jackson hired AccuityBrand, a brand consultancy specializing in developing product names and logos, to name and develop creative packaging for this new product. The new beverage was named Green Ox, and after a short discussion with management, the name was approved. Now that the name Green Ox was approved by the management Palmer Jackson needed to make several important decisions about the introduction of the new product. Palmer Jackson hired Marketing Studies Incorporated (MSI), a well-respected marketing research firm, to work on this product and to provide some basic competitive intelligence. Management believed the main competitors of Green Ox were recognized sports drinks and some vegetable juices, most particularly V7 and surprisingly strong interest among those who currently purchase antioxidants in pill form. Research conducted by MSI that up to10% of the people who purchased antioxidants in pill form would be interested in obtaining these vitamins and minerals from beverage rather than a pill. The objective of this case is to make a new beverage to compare it to the other old beverages that track record of successful sales in other channels. This is to test whether the new product is more efficient than the others. Where, the Green Ox successfully perfected a technique to dissolve common antioxidants into high-glucose beverage The campaign we want to launch for the new line of products seeks to distinguish â€Å"Green Ox† from its rivals by promoting its antioxidant content. The promotion will be designed, firstly to drive awareness of Green Ox and its key point of differentiation: antioxidants. We will use advertising for education. A website will e created which will five all the information about the products ad their benefits for heath and physical conditioning. Because of antioxidants content, Green Ox is a functional drink that is truly different from its competitors. Palmer Jackson realizes that product, price distribution, and promotion decisions for Green Ox all rely on the decisions they make, that all four of the †P† decisions are tangled and depend on each other. They feel that the place to start is with some notion of how many flavors of Green Ox they should introduce and at what price. The problem exist because of the several social trends that the senior management at Palmer Jackson believed might be important in determining the success and growth potential of Green Ox. Some problems that the company encountered are to decide quickly the segment(s) to target, and how the product would be positioned in the minds of its potential consumers. It also needed to decide how the product would be priced to the retailer as well as how many flavors should be introduced. Complicating matters was management’s keen understanding that all of these decisions depended on each other. Alternative identification and evaluation The company can solve the problem by managing their time in deciding what seems to be the exact target. The company should also be active and responsible enough to know what price and how it will be presentable to the potential consumers. Even in complicated matters the management should be open-minded and they must agree among themselves every decision that they make. These are the advantages of the product: it has more benefits added to their product than the V7 products; it produces new flavor; even though it’s expensive it is worth it; it is also a good alternative for the other sports drinks. We will use advertising for education. A website will be created which will five all the information about the products and their benefits for health and physical conditioning. The whole campaign will emphasize our competitive advantage. Solution Conclusion: Palmer Jackson Inc has developed a new line of sports beverages which have the added benefit of antioxidants. They have developed several elements of their brand strategy with the agency Accuity Brands which is a branding consultancy, where there are marketing strategy specialists. They have also hired Marketing Studies Incorporated, a well-respected marketing research firm, to work with the management team. The most important issue for Palmer Jackson Inc is the positioning and segmentation of their new drink, Green Ox. There are three main competitive markets: Sport Drink, Antioxidant & V7 in which Green Ox will compete for market share.

International Relations Theory Essay Example

International Relations Theory Essay Example International Relations Theory Essay International Relations Theory Essay In the current Hobbesian world, true security depends on the possession and use of military might. Some argue, however, that liberalism or even constructivism has replaced realism as the proper lens through which to view the international system. Proponents of liberalism often cite Europe’s ever increasing use of laws, transnational negotiations, and cooperation or the increasing interdependence between the East and the West as evidence of the waning influence of realpolitik, or power politics. Constructivists point to the expansion of social sciences and human rights to prove that ideas hold the real power in the international system. What both of these camps miss is the underlying element, or foundation, which allows norms, ideas, economic trade, and every other positive element of the international system to exist: stability underwritten by military might and the balance of power. The following analysis will outline the influence of the theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism on the international system. Moreover, it will outline why power politics and the balance of power remain the most important influences in international relations, and why realism is the only theory adequate to explain the balance of power among states through military might. Before outlining why balance of power is the most important factor in the international system, it is important first to define and understand the three prevailing theories in international relations realism, liberalism, and constructivism and also to define the term â€Å"norm. For the purpose of this paper, norms are â€Å"a standard of appropriate behavior for actors with a given identity,† and â€Å"one difference between ‘norm’ and ‘institution’ †¦ is aggregation: the norm definition isolates single standards of behavior, whereas institutions emphasize the way in which behavioral rules are structured together and interrelate (a ‘collection of practices and rules’). † (Finnemo re and Sikkink, p. 891). Realism During the era of the Cold War, realism became the dominant paradigm within international relations (Walt, p. ). Its emphasis on the power politics, balance of power, and most importantly the actions of states within an anarchic international system provided a sense of understanding (Waltz, p. 121). According to realists, states are the only actors on the political stage. They are driven to seek power in an anarchical system, in which there is no higher, trans-governmental and universally recognized authority. States are driven by the law of human behavior, which is the drive for power, will to dominate, self-interest, and ambition. States have no one but themselves to rely on for protection and they will do all they can in order to maximize their likelihood of survival. Moreover, as all states exist in a state of anarchy, they all pursue self-interest and try to acquire power to secure themselves and ensure their survival in a system where no other state or authority will come to save them if they fail to do so. (Waltz, 1979, p. 104). Kenneth Waltz defines anarchy as a condition of possibility for or ‘permissive’ cause of war, arguing that â€Å"wars occur because there is nothing to prevent them. (Waltz, 2001, p. 232). In realist view, the world is uncertain and dangerous. Realists assume that all states have some military power and no state knows what its neighbors’ intentions are. Waltz says, â€Å"Because some states may at any time use force, all states must be prepared to do so or live at the mercy of their militarily more vigorous neighbors. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 102) However, Mearsheimer explains that there is â€Å"relentless security competition with the possibility of war looming in the background,† not a constant war. Mearsheimer, 1994, p. 9) Hobbes argues, â€Å"Man cannot assure the power and means to live well which he hath present, without the acquisition of more. † (Hobbes, 1651, p. 61). Similarly, Machiavelli states that â€Å"men never appear to themselves to possess securely what they have unless they acquire something further from another. † (Carr, in Betts, p. 91). Thomas Hobbes characterizes human nature as â€Å"competition, diffidence and gl ory† amongst humans. (Hobbes, in Betts, p. 80). The balance of power theory, according to Waltz, explains how states, being unitary actors who seek their own preservation in the first place (at a minimum) or seek universal domination (at a maximum), use all the means they have available in order to achieve a balance of power against their rivals. Waltz then divides those means into two categories internal efforts, which include increasing military and economic strength and developing clever strategies and external efforts, which include forming an alliance or weakening an opposing one. Waltz, 1979, p. 118) Once the balance of power is achieved, it becomes a game of preserving this balance to ensure the state’s survival. To reach such an equilibrium, and to achieve mutual goals and interests, states in an alliance must accept the restraints on them due to the framework of which they are a part. â€Å"Only if states recognize the same rules of the game and play for the same limited stakes can the balance of power fulfill it s functions for international stability and national independence. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 120) Liberalism Liberalism can be defined as the â€Å"freedom for the individual,† as it believes, in contrast with realism, that humans are good-natured beings. For liberals, humans are beings of progress and strive for perfection during life. â€Å"Unlike Realism, it strives for, and believes in, improvement in human condition and provides a rationale for building cooperative institutions that can facilitate better lives for human beings. † (Keohane, p. 127) The main characteristics of liberalism are individual freedom, political participation, freedom from authority and equality of opportunity. (Doyle, p. 206, 207) Liberals see a heterogenous state of global peace, in which the expectation of war disappears, instead of a homogenous state of war. â€Å"Liberal societies compete to become rich, glorious, healthy, cultured, all without expecting to have to resolve their competition through war. † (Doyle, p. 210) Although liberals agree with realists that the international system is anarchic, they also believe that international institutions are able to mitigate anarchy’s effects on interstate cooperation. Their contest is not a zero-sum game, but rather a positive- or negative-sum game, meaning that they can win or lose together (Doyle, p. 11). Liberals distinguish between liberal and non-liberal societies, capitalist from communist, republican from autocratic. These differences reflect the differences in international behavior. â€Å"The aims of the state, as do the aims of the individual, go beyond security to the protection and promotion of individual rights. † (Doyle, p. 2 11) According to liberal institutionalists, institutions are to facilitate cooperation among states, but many critics say that they cannot force states to behave in ways that are contrary to their own selfish interests. Kant, in Perpetual Peace, stipulates three â€Å"definitive articles† of peace. The first article states that â€Å"The Civil Constitution of Every State Should be Republican. † (Kant, in Betts, p. 136) Kant argues that if the consent of the citizens is required in order to decide that war should be declared, it is natural that the people will not be willing to pay the costs of the war from their own resources and take upon their shoulders the devastation that war leaves behind. (Kant, in Betts, p. 136). The second article states that â€Å"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States. (Kant, in Betts, p. 137) The concept of pacific union between liberal states is a treaty of the nations among themselves, which prevents wars and steadily expands. The third article states that â€Å"Cosmopolitan Right should be limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality. † (Kant, p. 105) The theory of democratic peace is built on the claim that democraci es are inherently more peaceful than autocratic states. (Walt, p. 39). It can be crudely defined as â€Å"democracies do not fight each other. † Although democracies seem to fight wars often, like other states do, they very rarely fight against each other. Walt says, â€Å"Democracies embrace norms of compromise that bar the use of force against groups espousing similar principles. † (Walt, p. 39) This perspective suggests that, for example, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newborn democracies should embrace each other in their emerging markets and live happily ever after; instead, we have witnessed years of bloody conflict. According to this perspective, we would expect â€Å"mother Russia† to support the newly emerging democracies; instead, we witnessed the blockade of Georgian goods at the Russian market, closed borders, and in 2008, military invasion of Georgia. Many believe that Russia wanted to demonstrate its sphere of influence and to show Georgia, Ukraine, and the West, that there is no way Russia is going to respect the acceptance of these countries in NATO. As a realist would say, it is the underlying balance of power being the main underlying purpose for their actions, and not the liberal democratic peace, because even democracies fight each other. Constructivism Rather than a theory, we could call constructivism an ontology- a certain set of assumptions about the world and the motivation of people. Therefore, constructivist theories are quite diverse and do not offer a unified set of explanations on any of the issues mentioned above. Realism and liberalism tend to focus on material factors power or trade. (Walt, p. 40) â€Å"Constructivists contend that their theory is deeper than realism and liberalism because it explains the origins of the forces that drive those competing theories. † (Snyder, p. 60) According to Hopf, constructivism offers alternative understandings of the issues discussed above (in the sections on realism and liberalism) including balance of power and the meaning of anarchy. However, instead of taking the state for granted and assuming that it simply seeks power, constructivists â€Å"regard the interests and identities of states as highly malleable products of specific historical processes. † (Walt, p. 40) While realists view the war as unavoidable and the international system as static, constructivists argue that interests and identities change over the course of history, allowing cooperation between states which were previously enemies. A good example might be the European Union in which member countries after World War II learned how to cooperate in order to be better off altogether. For constructivists, to explain the behavior of states, we have to recognize the importance of identity and interests. Some constructivists admit that ideas will have greater impact when backed by powerful states and reinforced by enduring material forces (Walt, p. 43). However, a constructivist would not agree with the assessment that material power is all that matters their main concerns are norms, ideas and discourse. Some constructivists might actually agree with the realist view of balance of power, but they would add the reasoning and background. Hopf contends that constructivism in general â€Å"does not specify the existence, let alone precise nature of its main causal/constitutive elements: identities, norms, values and social structure† (Hopf, p. 189) . He also states that constructivism is weak in dealing with what precisely norms are. â€Å"Constructivists are good at describing changes in norms and ideas, but they are weak on the material and institutional circumstances necessary to support the emergence of consensus about new values and ideas. † (Snyder, p. 1) Constructivism might be a way to approach international relations theory, but the fact is that theory does not create practice, as constructivists assume, but practice theory, as Machiavelli states: â€Å"Good counsels, whencesoever they come, are born of the wisdom of the prince, and not the wisdom of the prince from good counsels. † (Machiavelli, p. 50) Conclusion Realism is often criticized for not being able to explain contemporary world politics because it oversimplifies things and the world we live in today is much more complex and complicated. Realism has been valid for over 2,500 years. We have witnessed even recently that when it comes to the point no international law, treaty, or institution can stop one state from invading another. I agree with Walt that â€Å"each of these competing perspectives captures important aspects of world politics† and that the â€Å"‘compleat diplomat’ of the future should remain cognizant of realism’s emphasis on the inescapable role of power, keep liberalism’s awareness of domestic forces in mind, and occasionally reflect on constructivism’s vision of change. † (Walt, p. 44) Realism builds on fear rather than hope. The first duty of political leaders is to prevent the worst. As Waltz says, â€Å"although many academics (and more than a few policymakers) are loath to admit it, realism remains the most compelling general framework for understanding international relations. † (Waltz, p. 43) States are still worried about the possibility of major conflict. They still keep their arsenals fully armed, even though their economic ties may be very healthy and the possible costs of a conflict are high. The Kantian paradise we want to live in is great, but whether we like it or not, there are wolves in the backyard.

Tattoo Art among the Maori Essay

Tattoo Art among the Maori Essay Tattoo Art among the Maori Essay We are studying about the Maori people who are the indigenous Polynesians. These people are found in New Zealand. They arrived in new Zealand in voyages as settlers and later became residents. They were isolated by other people and eventually decided to do this type of special art for the beauty purposes which has given them a special identity. The art as commonly known as ta moko, are permanent tattoos made on the body and the face. These tattoos are made on both sexes of the Maori people. The skin was skillfully decorated with different pictures obtained from the environment. Upon the completion of the curving process, the body was left with beautiful chisels that were appealing to the observers. The skin was left with beautiful grooves rather than the usual smooth skin that was not appealing to many people. This created uniqueness among the people. Tattoos among the Maori people were considered as sacred. They were therefore very selective on the patterns that they drew as tattoos. They used bone chisels and knives to make the grooves. The ink that they used to decorate the grooves was made from an organism that was half vegetable and half caterpillar. The ink that was used to decorate the face was darker than that of other body parts. The major reason to this color difference was that the ink used on the face was made from special species of burned wood. This made the ink darker than the one made from the organism. The major patterns that were used were known as spiral. The spiral patterns covered external body parts that include; face, legs and buttocks especially for the men. These were the areas that the patterns could be easily be seen by the observer. The buttocks were left uncovered because the tattoos appeared as clothes for the men. The women and young girls received tattoos on their lips, neck and the chin. The tattoos on the neck were occasionally depending on the type of attire being put on by the lady. Maori tattooing was used in rituals such as marking the adolescent stage of the youths. This was done to celebrate the important occurrences in the life history of the adolescents. This included marking the rite of passage from childhood to adulthood through the middle of the two stages. On the other hand, according to the culture of the Maori people, possessing a tattoo marked a status one belonged in. If one lacked this kind of tattoo, then he or she was considered to be without any worthiness or status. The process of tattooing was a painful experience. Sharp objects were used to make the grooves. This experience was not only meant for decorative purposes but also to proof status, strength and courage among the men and women of Maori. Women on the other hand were not tattooed painfully as men. The reason for this was that they needed not to proof the values mentioned earlier. Rituals attributed to music, chat and fasting were proved through tattooing. Among these rituals, fasting was more emphasized because one could swell on the face hence making him or her unable to eat or drink anything. These were some of the rituals done through tattooing. Tattoos had a lot of purposes traditionally. They symbolized status and position. The tattoos were won by blue blooded people and their heirs. This marked their status. In New Zealand among the Maori people, there were tattoos that were special for the royal family and their lineage. The tattoos also symbolized spiritual and religious devotion as already discussed. Medal to prove courage was also the major purpose of the putting tattoos. On the other hand, tattoos were used as punishments. Captives who were exiled or captured for their criminal activities were given some tattoos for their identification. This could shame them and give warning to other criminals because of the torture and discrimination they received. Practically, tattoos have the purpose of creating false impressions. This is useful for bald people because they are able to put some marks that resemble hair. Tattoos on the other hand save on the cost of putting make up and removing the makeup. The tattoos tend to be long lasting as compared to the makeup that are temporal and needs to be replaced daily. Putting a tattoo is a painful experience but is experienced only once and thereafter pain is relieved. This actually sounds practical for the people who believe in the beauty of their own kind. In the western culture, tattoos are commonly used by musicians and other professionals such as footballers especially in the English premier league games. This is for decorative purposes and also for status. Tattoos are also used in medical quaters. This is an instrument used in radiotherapy and also in some forms of breast reconstruction in women especially with those with complications of breast cancer. This shows that the tattoo aspect has been adopted by almost all cultures in the world. At writing service you can enjoy professional Art essay help on any topic. Just visit our site and order your custom paper online!

Compare the socities and governments featured in George Orwell's 1984 Essay

Compare the socities and governments featured in George Orwell's 1984 and Ray Bradbury's Farhenheit 451 - Essay Example Through such features, the authors position their works among their target audience as appropriate pieces of literature. George Orwell employs such features thereby developing a unique piece that coincidentally portrays specific social and government features that are characteristic of dystopian works thereby achieving a similarity with Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 415. The discussion below is therefore an analysis of the features thereby portraying the similarities and differences in the two societies created by the two authors (Ray 12). George Orwell positions his story in an airstrip in a society formerly known as the Great Britain. The author portrays a post apocalypse United Kingdom in as the government goes archaic thereby imposing restrictive policies and increased surveillance of the population. The new authoritarian government banns independent thought thereby controlling the thoughts of the people (Orwell 21). The government has invented both a new category of crime kno wn as thought crime thereby punishing independent thinking people. Additionally, the society has invented yet a new language. The same is the case in Fahrenheit 451 where the new government enjoys massive control of the people by limiting the liberties thus gaining more control. The two societies and governments have various similar features that arise from the nature of the novels. As with any other dystopian novel, the authors set their stories in a futuristic society. The novels seek to address specific social features that require particular positioning. Unlike many other novels, dystopian stories address specific themes not already witnessed in the contemporary society. To validate such claims, the authors therefore position their stories in a futuristic society in which most of their target readers are yet to experience. The ignorance about the feature therefore validates their portrayal of the various themes in such works. Fahrenheit 451 is in a future American society while Nineteen Eighty-Four is set in a future Great Britain. With such placements, the authors are therefore free to manipulate the facts in their stories by presenting plots that would otherwise prove unrealistic in the contemporary democracies such as the United States and the United Kingdom. The two societies have similar structures, with the numerous government legislations; the people therefore develop new social structures in order to accommodate the new political regimes. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the new authoritarian government under the leadership of the Big Brother imposes various regulations most of which limit the liberties previously enjoyed in the countries. The new government bans any political outfits thereby developing an authoritarian political system. The government for example revokes all the liberties key among which is the freedom of thought. The government develops an effective mind control system that acts as a surveillance tool. The government therefore enjoys a d edicated surveillance of the population thereby monitoring every action in the state. The perpetual war in the society destabilizes peaceful coexistence as the people in the new society live in fear of abduction and public murder by the new regime at any time in case of a violation of the set regulations. The new government is remorseless and treats the people harshly with the view of eliminating any form of resistance. As is characteristic with all dictatorial